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GILFILLAN 


SKETCHES 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


SKETCHES 


Our    Lands    and 
People 


By 


JOHN  BAGHOP  GILFILLAN 

MINNEAPOLIS,  MINNESOTA 


SKETCHES 


Our     Lands    and 
People 


By 


JOHN   BAGHOP   GILFILLAN 

MINNEAPOLIS,  MINNESOTA 


DEDICATION. 

To  the  memory  of  Thomas  Gilfillan  and  his  wife; 
John  Bachop  and  his  wife;  our  early  ancestors,  and 
their  descendants,  these  pages  are  reverently  dedi- 
cated by  the  author. 


cs 

7/ 


SKETCHES. 
By  John  Bachop  Gilfillan. 

To  our  family  and  others  of  kin: — 

The  author  of  this  article  has  often  been  request- 
ed to  write  an  outline  sketch  of  the  families  with 
whom  we  are  more  or  less  directly  connected — Hence 
the  following: 

I. 

The  region  since  known  as  the  State  of  Vermont, 
was  originally  a  forest  wilderness,  traversed  by 
many  streams  of  water,  large  and  small,  fed  not  only 
by  the  usual  water-shed,  but  by  copious  living 
springs  bubbling  from  every  hillside;  numerous 
beautiful  valleys,  extensive  uplands,  independent 
hills,  high  and  low;  and  a  range  of  mountains  ex- 
tending northerly  and  southerly  its  entire  length. 
The  forests  were  of  a  dense  and  intermingled  growth 
of  beech,  birch,  maple,  elm,  pine,  fir,  spruce,  hemlock, 
cedar,  etc.,  among  which  the  evergreens  largely  pre- 
dominated, especially  upon  the  mountain  slopes,  giv- 
ing them  the  name  of  the  Green  Mountains.  Hence 
it  came  to  be  called  the  Green  Mountain  State.  Its 
state  name  is  derived  from  the  two  latin  words 
verde,  green,  and  mons,  mountain,  hence  Vermont. 
As  can  easily  be  imagined,  its  landscape  scenery  was 
wild,  unique  and  beautifully  picturesque.  Its  beauty 
was  still  more  enhanced  in  after  years  when  it  came 
to  be  settled,  dotted  all  over  with  cultivated  fields 
and  orchards,  farm-houses  and  barns,  and  villages 
with  their  church  spires  pointing  heavenward. 

Barnet  and  Ryegate  both  have  the  Connecticut 

Page  Three 


River  for  their  eastern  boundary.  The  Passumpsic 
River,  rising  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  flows 
through  Barnet  and  empties  into  the  Connecticut 
within  the  limits  of  the  town.  Joe's  Brook  having 
its  source  in  Joe's  Pond  in  Danville,  both  named  in 
the  early  days  in  honor  of  a  noted  Indian  chief  of 
the  St.  Francis  tribe,  flows  through  Barnet  and 
empties  into  the  Passumpsic  two  or  three  miles  above 
the  confluence  of  the  latter  with  the  Connecticut. 
Endrick  Brook  is  a  small  stream  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Barnet  flowing  into  the  Passumpsic  about  a  mile 
above  the  mouth  of  Joe's  Brook.  Stevens  River^ 
the  outlet  of  what  in  the  early  days  was  known  as 
Bachop's  Pond  now  more  commonly  called  Harvey's 
Pond,  in  the  westerly  part  of  Barnet,  flows  south- 
easterly through  the  town  and  empties  into  the  Con- 
necticut about  a  mile  south  of  the  Passumpsic. 
These  are  all  very  attractive  streams  and  greatly  en- 
hance the  beauty  of  the  landscape  through  which 
they  flow. 

The  political  history  of  Vermont  is  as  unique 
as  its  natural  scenery.  It  was  not  one  of  the  original 
thirteen  colonies  of  the  United  States,  but  organized 
and  proclaimed  in  1777,  an  independent  republican 
government  of  its  own,  and  was  known  as  The  Little 
Republic  of  the  Green  Mountains.  Her  men  were 
known  as  "The  Green  Mountain  Boys",  and  played 
a  conspicuous  part  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  in  aid 
of  the  colonies,  in  their  struggle  for  independence. 
It  was  the  first  State  admitted  into  the  Union  after 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  and  so  became  the 
fourteenth  State  of  the  United  States  in  1791. 
Until  then  it  had  remained  an  independent  republic. 

The  early  settlers  of  Vermont,  came  in  from  the 
earlier  settled  parts  of  New  York,  New  Hampshire, 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.    But  the  section  of 

Page  Four 


the  State  to  which  this  article  chiefly  relates,  has 
an  interesting  history  of  its  own. 

The  town  of  Ryegate  was  chartered  September 
8,  1763,  and  the  town  of  Barnet  September  16,  of  the 
same  year.  Barnet  was  the  first  town  settled  in  the 
county,  but  its  settlers  were  few  and  far  between. 
At  the  end  of  ten  years  from  the  date  of  its  charter, 
there  were  but  fifteen  families  in  the  town.  But  new 
agencies  were  coming  into  play.  The  fame  of  Amer- 
ica had  begun  to  be  known  abroad.  Two  Associa- 
tions had  been  formed  in  Scotland,  one  known  as 
"The  Scots  American  Company"  of  Renfrewshire, 
and  the  other  as  "The  Farmers  Company  of  Perth 
and  Sterlingshire,"  for  the  purpose  of  sending  out 
agents  to  purchase  lands  to  be  settled  by  them  in 
America.  These  associations  were  composed  mostly 
of  men  who  were  renters,  so  called,  from  the  fact 
that  in  Scotland  the  land  was  held  in  large  estates, 
was  inalienable,  passed  only  by  descent  and  they 
had  become  inflamed  with  a  desire  to  emigrate  to  a 
country  where  land  was  not  only  cheap,  but  could  be 
acquired  and  held  in  fee  simple. 

David  Allan  and  James  Whitelaw  of  Scotland,  the 
latter  a  surveyor  by  profession  (afterwards  known 
as  Gen.  James  Whitelaw  of  Ryegate,  grandfather  of 
the  late  Whitelaw  Reid),  were  chosen  and  sent  out 
by  the  former  association,  to  act  for  it.  They  came 
to  America  and  after  visiting  various  parts  of  the 
then  known  country,  visited  Ryegate  in  1773  and 
purchased  for  their  company  the  south  half  of  the 
town,  of  Rev.  Dr.  John  Witherspoon,  President  of 
Princeton  College,  at  the  price  of  three  york  shill- 
ings per  acre. 

Alexander  Harvey,  another  Scott  was  chosen  and 
sent  out  by  the  other  company  above  named  and  in 
the  next  year,  1774,  purchased  for  them  seven  thou- 
sand acres  in  the  southwesterly  part  of  Barnet,  for 

Page  Five 


fourteen  pence  sterling,  or  about  twenty-five  cents 
an  acre. 

At  the  time  of  these  purchases  but  few  settle- 
ments had  been  made  in  these  towns,  the  lands  so 
purchased  had  been  held  in  large  tracts  by  early 
grantees  and  were  in  fact  a  part  of  the  unbroken 
wilderness,  the  forest  primeval.  As  showing  the 
condition  of  the  country  at  the  time,  I  quote  from 
a  letter  written  by  Gen.  Whitelaw,  agent  of  the 
Ryegate  colony,  to  his  father  and  to  the  company 

in  Scotland,  under  date  of  February  7, 1774,  in  which 
he  says: 

"We  have  now  built  a  house  and  live  very 
comfortably,  though  we  are  not  much  troubled 
with  neighbors,  having  one  family  about  a  half 
a  mile  from  us,  another  a  mile  and  a  half,  and 
two  about  two  miles  and  a  half.  In  the  town- 
ship above  us,  Barnet,  there  are  about  fifteen 
families,  and  in  the  township  below,  Newberry, 
about  sixty,  where  they  have  a  good  Presbyter- 
ian minister,  whose  meeting  house  is  about  six 
miles  from  us.  *  *  *  There  are  no  settlers 
to  the  West  of  us  till  you  come  to  Lake  Champ- 
lain,  which  is  upwards  of  sixty  miles.  *  *  * 
We  are  extremely  well  pleased  with  our  situa- 
tion, as  the  ground  on  a  second  view  is  better 
than  we  expected.  *  *  *  The  country  seems 
to  be  extraordinarily  well  adapted  to  the  rais- 
ing of  cattle,  as  it  is  all  covered  with  excellent 
grass  where  it  is  cleared,  and  even  in  many 
places  in  the  woods.  *  *  *  The  people  here 
are  hospitable,  social,  and  decent.  One  thing 
I  know,  that  they  are  very  strict  in  keeping  the 
Sabbath." 

During  the  next  twenty  years,  the  Scotch  colonists 
came  in  large  numbers,  and  set  to  work  in  earnest 
clearing  the  lands  which  had  been  surveyed  and 
allotted  to  them  in  severalty,  building  habitations, 
school-houses  and  churches,  many  of  them  of  logs. 
Hemenway's  Gazetteer  Volume  I,  page  266  in  its 
account  of  Barnet,  says : 

Pa^e  Six 


"In  1775  it  began  to  be  rapidly  settled  by  emi- 
grants from  Scotland,  who  soon  composed  the 
great  majority  of  the  inhabitants.  In  1773, 
emigrants  from  Scotland  began  to  settle  in 
Ryegate,  having  purchased  the  south  half  of 
the  town.  The  most  of  the  inhabitants  were 
Scotch,  who  settled  in  different  parts  of  the 
town." 

Affain  at  page  268 : — 

"The  emigrants  from  Scotland,  in  Barnet  and 
Ryegate,  were  distinguished  for  religious  knowl- 
edge, being  well  acquainted  with  the  Holy 
Scriptures.  They  observed  daily  the  worship  of 
God  in  their  families,  and  were  careful  to  bring 
up  their  children  in  the  nurture  and  admonition 
of  the  Lord.  They  strictly  sanctified  the  Sab- 
bath, and  loved  the  house  of  God.  Feeling  the 
want  of  the  public  ordinances  of  religion,  they 
made  strenuous  endeavors,  before  and  during 
the  Revolutionary  V/ar,  to  obtain  them,  and 
after  repeated  efforts  they  succeeded.  During 
the  Revolutionary  War  and  before  and  after 
it,  several  clergymen,  most  of  whom  were 
Presbyterians,  and  emigrants  from  Scotland 
came  and  preached  in  these  tv/o  towns.  Rev. 
Peter  Powers,  who  was  settled  in  Newbury 
from  1765  to  1784  was  probably  the  first  clergy- 
man who  preached  in  this  county.  Dr.  Wither- 
spoon  visited  Barnet  and  Ryegate  two  or  three 
times  and  preached  and  baptized.  *  *  *  j^j 
1784,  the  town  of  Barnet  voted  unanimously 
"to  choose  the  Presbyterian  form  of  religious 
worship,  founded  upon  the  word  of  God,  as  ex- 
pressed in  the  confession  of  faith,  catechism, 
larger  and  shorter,  with  the  form  of  Presby- 
terian church  government  agreed  upon  by 
the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster,  and 
practiced  by  the  Church  of  Scotland."  *  *  ♦ 
The  county  was  called  "Caledonia" — the  ancient 
Roman  name  of  Scotland — out  of  regard  for 
the  emigrants  from  that  country,  who  had  pur- 
chased large  tracts  of  land  in  the  county,  and 
had  large  and  flourishing  settlements  in  Bar- 

Page  Seven 


net  and  Ryegate,  and  who  were  distinguished 
for  their  intelligence,  integrity,  enterprise,  in- 
dustry and  patriotism,  as  well  as  for  their  re- 
ligious character.  They  favored  the  cause  of 
American  independence,  and  some  of  them 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  army.  They  sup- 
ported Vermont  in  the  declaration  of  her  inde- 
pendence and  the  formation  of  her  constitution, 
in  trying  circumstances,  which  called  for  the 
highest  exercise  of  the  greatest  wisdom,  forti- 
tude and  patriotism.  They  organized  a  church 
and  settled  a  clergyman  long  before  any  other 
church  was  founded,  or  any  other  clergyman 
was  installed  in  tha  county." 

The  church  above  referred  to  was  built  by  the 
Barnet  colonists,  located  at  or  near  the  center  of  the 
town  and  has  ever  been  known  as  "The  Barnet 
Center  Meeting-House." 

In  1787  the  town  and  church  of  Barnet  sent  a  joint 
petition  to  the  Associate  Presbyterian  Synod  in 
Scotland,  for  a  minister,  offering  to  pay  the  expenses 
of  his  passage  to  this  country.  In  consequence  of 
this  application  the  Rev.  David  Goodwillie,  came  in 
the  Autumn  of  1789,  was  in  due  time  settled  as  min- 
ister of  the  town  and  pastor  of  the  church.  He  con- 
tinued in  this  pastorate  until  his  decease  in  1830.  He 
was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Rev.  Thomas  Goodwillie 
for  a  like  term  of  forty  years.  It  was  during  the 
ministry  of  the  latter,  "When  first  my  infant  foot- 
steps learned  to  stray."  His  sons  were  schoolmates 
and  classmates  of  the  writer,  in  the  Old  Academy  of 
Caledonia  County,  which  had  been  chartered  and 
endowed  in  1795,  and  of  which  Hemenway  says: 

"The  Academy  is  a  large,  beautiful  and  com- 
modious edifice,  in  a  fine  situation,  command- 
ing a  view  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  contains  a  good  library,  and  an 
extensive  philosophical  apparatus.     The  insti- 

Page  Eight 


tution,   from   its   organization  to   the  present 
time,  has  been  in  a  prosperous  condition." 

Among  such  a  people  and  such  surroundings,  let 
us  now  look  for  our  ancestors. 

II. 

The  Scotch  colonists,  coming  to  America,  and  set- 
tling in  Barnet  and  Ryegate,  were  naturally  of  the 
younger  class,  many  of  them  recently  married,  some 
unmarried,  some  still  young,  coming  with  older  mem- 
bers of  the  family,  with  others  of  kin,  or  with 
friends.  Among  them  the  following  names  seem 
to  have  been  as  familiar,  as  the  days  of  the  week, 
namely;  Harvey,  Whitelaw,  Gilfillan,  Goodwillie, 
Galbraith,  Gilkerson,  Gibson,  Gilchrist,  Bachop, 
Buchanan,  Brock,  Henderson,  Hall,  Duncan,  Steven- 
son, Shearer,  Somers,  Roy,  Robin,  Warden,  Waddell, 
Neilson,  McLaren,  McLane,  McCulloch,  Blair,  Laird 
and  many  others. 

Among  those  coming  to  Barnet  were  five  brothers 
and  one  sister  named  Gilfillan.  They  were :  William, 
Robert,  John,  Thomas,  David  and  Margaret,  chil- 
dren of  William  Gilfillan  and  Helen  Stevenson, 
his  spouse  of  Balfron,  Sterling  County,  Scotland. 
Two  other  children  James  and  Mary  remained  in 
Scotland.  Of  the  above  named,  William  and  Thomas 
came  to  America  in  1790  and  Robert,  John,  David 
and  Margaret  in  1794.  They  all  settled  in  Barnet. 
William,  Robert,  John  and  Thomas  settled  on  lots  or 
farms  situated  on  the  slope  of  the  hill,  from  one  to 
two  miles  a  little  south  of  westerly  from  the  Center 
Meeting-House,  and  David  settled  on  a  farm  situated 
on  the  heights  a  little  west,  and  overlooking  the 
valley,  of  Joe's  Brook  and  bordering  on  the  line  of 
Danville. 

Of  the  above  named  five  brothers : 

Page  Nine 


1. 

William   (Little  Will)   married  Janet  Waddell  of 
Barnet  and  they  had  children  as  follows: 


1. 

William  who  died  in  youth 

2. 

John  who  died  in  youth. 

3. 

Helen  who  died  in  youth. 

4. 

Rebecca. 

5. 

Janet. 

6. 

Moses. 

7. 

Helen. 

After  the  death  of  Janet  Waddell  he  married  Ruth 
Blanchard  and  their  children  were: 

8.  William. 

9.  Ruth  who  married  William  Graham. 

10.  Eliza  who  married  Archibald  Hasty. 

11.  John. 

12.  Joshua. 
13.    Daniel. 

2. 

Robert,  on  the  eve  of  coming  to  America,  married 
Jean  Mclndoe  of  Killearn,  (grandfather  and  grand- 
mother of  the  writer).    Their  children  were: 

1.  William,  who  married  Isabel  Morison  from 
Balfron. 

2.  Walter,  who  married  Margaret  Bachop  of 
Barnet. 

3.  Robert,  born  June  6, 1798,  who  married  Janet 
Bachop  of  Barnet. 

4.  Jean,  v/ho  married  Alexander  Blair  of  Barnet. 

5.  John,  who  married  Zephia  Carpenter  of 
Barnet. 

6.  Marrion,  who  married  Joseph  Blair  of  Barnet. 

7.  Helen. 

8.  Margaret. 

9.  James. 

10.  Nancy. 

11.  Mary. 

12.  Archibald. 

All  of  whom,  with  their  parents,  and  others  of 
kin,  now  in  peaceful  slumbers  lie  within  the  beauti- 
ful cemetery  among  the  hills,  close  by  the  Meeting 
House  they  loved  so  well,  at  Barnet  Center. 

Page  Ten 


John  died  without  issue. 

4. 

Thomas  married  Janet  Somers  of  Barnet.    Their 
children  were: 

1.  William. 

2.  Nancy. 

3.  Cloud. 

4.  Thomas. 

5.  Helen. 

6.  Robert. 

After  the  death  of  Janet  Somers  he  married  Mar- 
garet Hindman  and  their  children  were: 

7.  Janet. 

8.  John. 

9.  James. 

10.  Mary. 

11.  Margaret. 

5. 

David  married  Margaret  Warden  and  their  chil- 
dren were: 

1.  William. 

2.  David. 

3.  James  married  Elsie  Shearer. 

4.  Isabel  married  Rev.  Mr.  Galbraith. 

5.  Robert  married  Jerusha  Aldrich. 

6.  Moses. 

7.  Andrew,  who  married  Eliza  Neilson,  or  Nelson, 
of  Ryegate. 

8.  John. 

6. 

Margaret,  sister  of  above  five  brothers,  married 
William  Warden  and  their  children  were: 

1.  William. 

2.  Helen 

3.  Isabel. 

4.  Mary. 

5.  Margaret. 

6.  James. 

Page  Eleven 


There  came  also  from  Scotland  in  1795  and  set- 
tled in  Barnet,  John  Bachop,  a  linen  weaver  of 
Glasgow.  He  married  Mary  Dinen  or  Dunning  of 
Paisley,  of  which  marriage  there  were  born  two  sons, 
John  and  William.  His  first  wife  having  died,  the 
father  married  Janet  Miller  of  Glasgow.  These  four 
constituted  the  family  which  came  to  America  and 
settled  in  Barnet,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  pond 
and  mountain  in  the  western  part  of  the  town,  which 
came  to  be  known  as  Bachop's  Pond  and  Bachop's 
Mountain.  The  two  sons  married  soon  after  coming 
of  age;  the  elder,  John,  marrying  Jean  Arbuckle 
of  Scotland,  who  had  come  to  America  with 
friends.  Of  this  marriage  five  children  were  born, 
namely:  Janet,  Margaret,  Christie,  Mary  and  Jean; 
of  these  Janet  married  Robert  Gilfillan  (hereinbefore 
noted),  and  they  were  the  father  and  mother  of  the 
writer  of  this  sketch.  Margaret  married  Walter  Gil- 
fillan, as  before  noted ;  Christie  married  David  War- 
den and  settled  in  Monroe,  New  Hampshire;  Mary 
married  Harvey  Warden  and  settled  in  Ryegate,  and 
afterwards  at  West  Barnet;  Jean  died  in  her  young 
girlhood. 

III. 

Coming  now  to  our  own  immediate  family  we  have 
the  following  data,  taken  from  the  family  record 
now  in  my  possession,  namely: 

Robert  Gilfillan,  born  in  Barnet,  June  6th,  A.  D. 
1798. 

Janet  Bachop,  born  in  Barnet,  January  5th,  A.  D. 
1805. 

They  twain  were  married  at  Ryegate,  February 
22nd,  A.  D.  1825,  by  Rev.  David  Goodwillie.  Of  this 
marriage  the  following  children  were  bom: 

Marrion  Nelson  Gilfillan  and  Jean  Bachop  Gilfillan, 
bom  in  Barnet,  December  4th,  1825. 

Janet  Gilfillan,  born  in  Barnet,  June  22,  1827. 

Mary  Gilfillan,  born  in  Barnet,  October  5,  1829. 

Page  Twelva 


Robert  Gilfillan,  Jr.,  born  in  Barnet,  June  24,  1833. 

John  Bachop  Gilfillan,  born  in  Barnet,  February 
11,  1835. 

A  son  born  in  Danville,  Vt.,  February  6,  1844. 

Of  these,  Marrion  and  the  son  last  born  died  in 
infancy. 

Jean  Bachop  married  John  Martin,  January  4, 
1849,  and  had  one  child,  Jean,  who  married  Elwood 
Brown.  They  had  two  children,  John  Martin  Brown 
and  Earle  Brown.  The  former  of  whom  died  in  in- 
fancy. 

Janet  married  Alexander  McPhee,  July  8,  1847, 
and  their  children  were  Vilette  Jean,  Kate,  Atlanta, 
Mary,  Martha,  John,  Christie  and  Robert. 

Mary  married  Mark  Varnum,  June  1st,  1854,  and 
had  one  child,  Fred  Stevens  Varnum. 

John  Bachop  married  Rebecca  Corse  Oliphant, 
daughter  of  Captain  James  M.  Oliphant  and  Re- 
becca Corse,  of  Sylvan  Mills,  Fayette  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, January  20,  1870,  and  their  children  were: 
Robert  Corse,  born  June  29,  1872;  James  Oliphant, 
born  October  6,  1875;  John  Bachop,  Jr.,  born  Janu- 
ary 18,  1879 ;  Rebecca  Janet,  born  October  12,  1880 ; 
David  Walter,  born  March  17,  1884. 

Their  mother,  Rebecca  C,  died  March  25th,  1884. 
On  June  28th,  1893,  the  father  married  Hannah 
Lavinia  Coppock,  daughter  of  Captain  Ezra  Coppock 
and  Anna  French,  of  Lisbon,  Ohio. 

Mary  Gilfillan,  wife  of  Mark  Varnum,  died  at 
Osceola,  Stark  County,  Illinois,  August  20,  1862. 

Robert  Gilfillan,  Jr.,  died  at  Sacramento,  Califor- 
nia, April  9,  1872,  unmarried. 

Janet  Gilfillan,  wife  of  Alexander  McPhee,  died 
at  Peacham,  Vermont,  September  4,  1884. 

Jean  Bachop  Gilfillan,  wife  of  John  Martin,  died 
at  Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  March  6,  1886. 

The  following  data  is  gleaned  in  the  cemetery  at 
Barnet  Center: 

Page  Thirteen 


Robert  Gilfillan,  died  January  26,  1827. 

Jean  Mclndoe,  his  wife,  died  September  18,  1859, 

Natives  of  Scotland. 
Eobert  Gilfillan    (father),  died  January  12,  1891. 
Janet  Bachop,  his  wife    (mother),  died  July  8, 
1885. 

These  deaths  are  noted  in  West  Barnet  Cemetery : 
John  Bachop,  died  October  29,  1821. 
John  Bachop,  Jr.,  died  November  27,  1814. 
Natives  of  Scotland. 

IV. 

The  writer  has  twice  visited  Scotland,  first,  in  the 
Summer  of  1887  and  again  in  the  Summer  of  1900. 
The  first  visit  was  somewhat  brief  and  hurried ;  the 
latter  more  extended.  In  the  second  visit,  Mrs. 
Gilfillan,  our  son  J.  B.  Jr.,  and  our  daughter  Rebecca 
Janet,  were  also  of  the  party.  On  this  visit  we 
learned  that  the  old  Parish  Records  of  Scotland, 
had,  in  late  years,  been  gathered  up,  fastened  in 
new  bindings  and  covers  of  uniform  size,  and  safely 
stored  in  the  Public  Registry  in  Edinborough.  A 
week,  therefore,  was  spent  in  searching  these  rec- 
ords, with  the  aid  of  an  antiquarian  expert,  or 
searcher  of  records,  as  he  was  styled.  In  this  ex- 
amination, it  was  gratifying  to  find,  profusely  scat- 
tered through  the  records  of  various  parishes,  all 
the  names  mentioned  as  among  the  early  settlers  of 
Barnet  and  Ryegate.  Our  own  name  and  several 
of  the  others  appeared  with  the  greatest  frequency. 

The  names  of  our  ancestors  William  Gilfillan  of 
Balfron,  and  Helen  Stevenson,  his  spouse  of  the 
parish  of  Denny,  were  readily  found.  Also  the 
names  of  Thomas  Gilfillan  and  his  spouse  Mar- 
garet (whose  maiden  name  was  variously  written  as 
Dun  or  Dine  or  Dining)  the  father  and  mother  of 
the  said  William.  Also  the  names  of  Robert  Steven- 
son and  Mary  Adam  his  spouse  of  the  parish  of 

Page  Fourteen 


Denny,  the  father  and  mother  of  the  said  Helen. 
This  was  as  far  back  as  we  were  able  to  trace  with 
any  certainty,  the  direct  line  of  our  ancestry.  The 
records  appeared  to  have  been  poorly  or  carelessly 
kept  and  not  always  easily  deciphered.  Even  the 
spelling  of  names  was  not  always  uniform.  But  we 
were  enabled  to  glean  from  them  considerable  data 
of  interest.  For  instance;  it  appeared  from  them, 
that  the  home  farm  and  steading  of  our  ancestors, 
was  known  as  Woodend,  which  enabled  us  later  to 
locate  and  visit  the  place.  Items  of  family  history 
were  also  found,  among  them  the  following,  viz: 

1718  July  4.  Thomas  Gilfillan  in  this  parish  (Bal- 
fron)  and  Margaret  Dun  or  Dine,  in  the  parish  of 
Killearn,  gave  up  their  names  for  proclamation  in 
order  to  Marriage. 

1727  May  16.  Thomas  Gilfillan  and  Margaret  Dun 
(or  Din)  his  spouse  in  Woodend,  had  a  son  James 
baptised. 

1729  September  28.  Thomas  Gilfillan  and  Mar- 
garet Dun  or  Din  his  spouse  in  Woodend  had  a  son 
William  baptised.  (This  appears  to  have  been  our 
great  grandfather  who  occupied  Woodend  at  the 
time  his  sons  and  daughter  emigrated  to  America, 
among  whom  was  our  grandfather  Robert.) 

1732  May  14.  Thomas  Gilfillan  and  Margaret  Dun 
or  Dine,  his  spouse,  had  a  daughter  Margaret  bap- 
tised. 

1759  May  17.  William  Gilfillan  in  this  parish 
(Balfron)  and  Helen  Stevenson,  in  the  parish  of 
Denny,  gave  up  their  names  for  proclamation  in  or- 
der to  marriage. 

1759  May  24.  William  Gilfillan  in  Balfron  and 
Helen  Stevenson  in  this  parish  listed  for  proclama- 
tion in  order  to  marriage,  proclaimed  the  10th  of 
June.     (Extracted  from  Parish  Records  of  Denny). 

1760  September  1.     James,  lawful  son  to  William 

Page  Fifteen 


Gilfillan,  m  Woodend,  and  Helen  Stevenson,  his 
spouse,  was  baptised  in  the  presence  of  the  congre- 
gation. 

1763  July  1.  Mary,  lawful  daughter  to  William 
Gilfillan  and  Helen  Stevenson,  his  spouse,  in  Wood- 
end,  was  baptised,  in  presence  of  the  congregation. 

1765  January  26.  Robert,  lawful  son  ta  William 
Gilfillan,  in  Woodend,  and  Helen  Stevenson,  his 
spouse,  was  baptised.  (This  must  have  been  our 
own  grandfather  who  married  Jean  Mclndoe  of 
Killearn,  and  came  to  America  in  1794.  He  would 
then  be  29  years  of  age  and  she  was  20.) 

1767  May  29.  William,  lawful  son  of  Wilham  Gil- 
fillan and  Helen  Stevenson,  his  spouse,  in  Woodend, 
was  baptised  in  presence  of  the  congregation. 

1769  September  11.  Thomas,  lawful  son  of 
William  Gilfillan  and  Helen  Stevenson,  his  spouse, 
in  Woodend,  was  baptised  in  presence  of  the  con- 
gregation. 

1774  January  2.  Margaret,  lawful  daughter  to 
William  Gilfillan  and  Helen  Stevenson,  in  Woodend^ 
was  baptised  in  presence  of  the  congregation. 

1775  August  10.  Jean,  lawful  daughter  of  William 
Mclndoe  and  Jean  McAllister,  his  spouse,  at  Killairn 
was  born  upon  Saturday  about  2  o'clock  the  9th  of 
August  and  baptised  the  10th. 

1794  February  10.  Robert  Gilfillan  and  Jean  Mc- 
lndoe, both  in  this  parish  (Balfron)  entered  their 
names  for  proclamation. 

As  a  fitting  supplement  to  the  two  last  preceding 
paragraphs,  it  may  be  added  that  in  the  book  of  rec- 
ords of  the  Session  of  the  church  at  Barnet  Center 
in  Vermont,  is  the  record  of  two  certificates  or  let- 
ters, the  one  issued  by  the  church  at  Killearn,  and 
the  other  by  the  church  at  Balfron,  of  which  the 
following  are  copies,  viz : 

Page  Sixteen 


**That  the  bearer  Jean  Macindoe  was  born  in 
this  Parish  and  resided  in  it  till  Candlemass 
seventeen  hundred  and  ninty  three  years.  Was 
under  no  scandal  nor  Ground  of  Church  cen- 
sure known  to  us,  and  was  in  use  to  join  at  the 
sacrament  of  the  Lords  supper.  Is  attested  at 
Killearn,  Feb,  17,  1794  years,  by 

James  Graham  Min. 
Jo  Finlayson 
Session  Clerk." 

"That  the  bearer  hereof  Robert  Gilfillen  and 
Jean  Mclndoe  his  Spouse  have  resided  in  this 
parish,  the  former  from  his  infancy,  and  the 
latter  for  the  space  of  two  years  or  thereby 
preceding  this  date,  during  which  time  they  be- 
haved themselves  soberly  and  inofensively  and 
now  remove  free  of  public  scandal  and  Church 
censure.  We  further  think  our  selves  called 
upon  to  certify  that  the  said  Robert  Gilfillen  has 
been  employed  by  different  Masters  in  this  place 
as  a  Journay  man  Wright,  much  to  their  satis- 
faction and  it  is  consistant  with  our  knowledge 
that  he  is  an  industrious,  honest  Lad.  Given 
and  attested  at  Manse  of  Balfron  this  twenty- 
sixth  day  of  Feb.  seventeen  hundred  and 
ninty-four  years,  by 

James  Jeffrey  Minr 
1  John  Zwill  E elder 

Will  Hally 
Session  Clerk." 

At  the  time  of  securing  these  copies,  which 
w^as  about  the  year  1874  to  1877,  some  time  was 
spent,  upon  my  visits  to  my  former  home  in  Ver- 
mont, in  examining  the  files  and  records  in  the  cus- 

j.^-.Z^^-.naT^^^^- ^V^^^  Graham  was  minister  at  KiHearn  from 
June,  1768,  till  October,   1S21. 

Strathendrick  by  J.  Guthrie  Smith,  p.  71. 


.^9te   2— Rev    James   Jeffrey   was  minister   at   Balfron   from 
April,  1787,  till  he  died  in  February,  1824. 

Strathendrick  by  J.  Guthrie  Smith,  p.  38. 

Pag^e  Seventeen 


tody  of  Mr.  William  Henderson,  the  Session  Clerk 
of  the  church  at  Barnet  Center.  By  the  courtesy  of 
Mr.  Henderson,  I  was  given  access  to  the  book  of 
records  and  what  remained  of  the  files  relating  to 
the  history  of  the  church.  But  no  other  records  of 
letters  like  the  above  of  my  father's  family  were 
found.  There  was  one  original,  however,  issued  to 
John  Gilfillan,  brother  of  my  grand-father,  found  in 
the  files,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy : 

"Balfron  10th  March  1794. 
That  the  bearer  herof  John  Gilfillan,  an  un- 
married young  Man,  has  Resided  in  this  Parish 
mostly  from  his  infancy,  always  behaving  him- 
self soberly,  honestly  and  inoffensively;  and 
now  removes  free  of  public  scandal  or  ground 
of  Church  censure  known  to  us.  We  also  certi- 
fy that  he  has  always  been  reputed  an  indus- 
trious, honest  Lad,  and  may  be  employed  by  any 
Master  with  the  greatest  safety. 
Attested  in  name  of  Session,  By 

James  Jeffrey,  Minr. 

John  Zwill,  Eld. 

Will  Hally  Sesn.  Clk." 

In  a  letter  from  Mr.  Henderson,  under  date  of 
October  25,  1877,  he  writes  to  me: 

"I  recollect  distinctly  of  the  above  Rev.  Jef- 
frey. When  I  was  a  very  small  boy  beginning 
to  school  in  Scotland,  he  came  and  examined 
the  school  and  put  we  little  ones  in  consterna- 
tion. Elder  Z will's  children  went  to  the  same 
school  with  me,  but  I  do  not  seem  to  recollect  of 
him." 

In  the  same  letter  the  writer  speaks  of  having 
seen  and  examined  in  the  possession  of  Nancy  Gil- 
fillan, the  original  of  the  letter  or  certificate  issued 
to  Robert  Gilfillan  and  Jean  Mclndoe  his  "spouse," 
and  entered  in  the  Session  Book  at  Barnet  Center 
Meeting  House. 

Page  Eighteen 


From  the  finding  of  this  original  letter  among 
the  files,  and  other  circumstances,  it  seems  fair 
to  presume  that  all  of  the  family  coming  to  Amer- 
ica brought  like  letters  with  them.  For  instance, 
under  date  of  June  16,  1796,  appears  upon  the 
record  a  revised  list  of  communicants,  among  which 
are  the  names  of  William  Gilfillan,  Jr.,  (and  Janet 
Waddel,  his  spouse)  and  Robert  Gilfillan,  two  of 
the  sons  of  William  Gilfillan  of  Balfron,  Scotland. 
They  must  have  brought  letters  from  the  church 
in  Balfron  in  order  to  have  admission  to  the  church 
at  Barnet  Center. 

Much  of  the  data  given  in  this  sketch  was  ob- 
tained from  my  own  father  and  mother  in  1874  and 
years  immediately  following.  They  also  gave  me 
the  history  of  my  mother's  family,  which  led  me  to 
try  to  trace  the  lineage  of  the  Bachop  family,  when 
searching  the  records  in  Edinborough  in  1900.  But 
this  was  found  more  difficult,  if  possible,  than  trac- 
ing the  records  of  my  father's  family.  For  instance, 
the  name  was  found  spelled  in  different  ways,  such 
as  Baffock,  Baock,  Bahop,  Bauchope,  and  finally 
and  later  as  Bachop.  I  had  learned  from  my  father 
and  mother  that  my  mother's  father  and  grand- 
father were  named  John;  that  my  mother's  grand- 
father had  first  married  Mary  Dinen,  or  Dunning, 
of  Paisley,  Scotland,  and  of  this  marriage  there 
had  been  two  sons,  John  and  William  Bachop, 
and  that  his  first  wife  having  died,  he  had  married 
before  coming  to  America,  his  second  wife,  Jan- 
net  Miller.  In  the  register  of  Cumbuslang  appears 
the  following: 

1777  November  29.  John  Bachop  and  Mary  Dun- 
ning both  here  gave  their  names  for  proclamation 
in  order  to  marriage. 

1779  December  5.  John,  son  to  John  Bachop  in 
Cairns,  baptised  10th. 

Page  Nineteen 


1781  May  10.  Born  William  to  John  Bachop  in 
Saughybeg,  baptised  17th.  (It  appears  further  that 
Mary  Dunning  was  the  daughter  of  John  Dunning 
of  Halsyde,  and  Mary  Jackson,  his  spouse.  She  and 
her  twin  brother,  John,  were  both  born  and  bap- 
tised May  1,  1755). 

In  the  records  in  Edinborough,  under  date  of 
January  22nd,  1786,  John  Bachop,  weaver  in  Glas- 
gow, and  Jannet  Miller  were  married.  This  is  in  the 
Parish  Records  of  Glasgow.  In  searching  the  rec- 
ord of  minutes  of  the  church  at  Barnet  Center,  un- 
der date  of  June  25,  1796,  the  following  is  found: 

"John  Bachop,  and  Jannet  Miller,  his  spouse, 
presented  a  certificate  attested  at  Glasgow  the 
30th  of  March  1795,  and  desired  to  be  admitted 
into  the  fellowship  of  the  church  in  this  con- 
gregation. Votes  being  called  it  carried  un- 
animously, received,  which  was  done  according- 
ly.   Closed  with  prayer." 

In  this  instance  their  letter  or  certificate  also  ap- 
pears of  record : 

"Certificate. 

We  dow  certify  that  John  Bachop  and  Jannet 
Miller  his  spouse,  both  communicants,  resided 
in  this  parish  of  Glasgow,  he  for  ten  years,  she 
for  fourteen  years  preceding  this  date  during 
which  time  they  behaved  themselves  decently 
and  honestly,  free  of  public  scandal  or  ground 
church  censure  known  to  us. 

Attested  at  Glasgow  the  30th  day  of  March 
seventeen  hundred  and  ninety  five  years  by 

Robert  Balfour,  Minister 
Wm.  Walker,  Sess.  Clk. 
Extracted  at  Barnet  June  28,  1796  by 

Wm.  Shearer  Sess.  Clk." 

V. 

At  the  conclusion  of  our  stay  at  Edinborough, 
we  visited  Balfron,  Killearn,  Buchlyvie  and  other 
places.     Baifron,  a  village  of  about  eight  or  nine 

Page  Twenty 


hundred,  is  situated  eighteen  miles  northwest  from 
Glasgow  and  two  or  three  miles  east  of  Loch  Lo- 
mond. It  lies  on  the  northerly  slope  of  Strathen- 
drick  or  valley  of  the  Endrick,  a  wide  and 
beautiful  valley,  sloping  from  the  north  and  from 
the  south,  down  to  the  Endrick  river,  a  stream 
somewhat  smaller  than  the  Passumpsic,  flowing 
westerly  into  Loch  Lomond.  This  river,  in  Scot- 
tish parlance,  is  called  Endrick  Water,  from  whence, 
no  doubt,  comes  the  name  of  the  stream  in  Barnet, 
called  Endrick  brook,  flowing  into  the  Passumpsic. 
We  readily  found  the  farm  and  steading  called 
"Woodend,"  known  by  that  name  from  time 
immemorial.  It,  too,  lies  on  the  northerly  slope  of 
Strathendrick,  about  a  mile  east  of  the  village  of 
Balfron.  Here  we  visited  several  hours.  We 
found  none  of  our  own  name,  but  the  new  occu- 
pants, Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robertson,  as  soon  as  we  made 
ourselves  known,  received  us  most  cordially,  kindly 
showed  us  over  the  home  and  gave  us  a  delicious 
lunch  of  milk,  hard  oatbread  and  cheese  of  their 
own  making.  The  old  house  had  been  torn  down, 
but  the  new  one  they  said,  was  built  just  like  the 
old,  and  it  was  assuredly  most  comfortable  and 
home-like.  The  farm  is  a  part  of  the  Ballikinrain 
estate,  which  embraces  the  region  at  and  about  the 
village  of  Balfron. 

The  view  from  "Woodend,"  as  from  the  village, 
was  most  pleasing,  looking  down  over  wide-spread- 
ing fields  to  the  stream  below,  and  up  the  opposite 
slopes,  embracing  the  Ballikinrain  Castle  and  orna- 
mental grounds  about  it.  Both  slopes  of  the  val- 
ley are  quite  extended,  picturesque  and  beautiful,  a 
landscape  of  cultivated  fields,  forests  and  farm 
houses.  After  a  most  enjoyable  visit,  we  drove 
on,  crossing  the  Endric  farther  up  the  valley,  and 
then  ascending  the  opposite  slope  to  the  Castle. 

Page  Twenty-one 


We  met  the  factor,  who  kindly  showed  us  over  the 
Castle  and  grounds.  Then  perhaps  because  the  day 
was  quite  cool,  we  were  not  permitted  to  depart  un- 
til we  had  "a  wee  nip  o'  liquid  rye."  Pursuing  our 
journey  we  drove  on  to  Killearn,  some  three  miles 
distant,  the  highway  traversing  elevated  ground,  af- 
fording many  beautiful  vistas,  including  glimpses  of 
Loch  Lomond  in  the  distance,  and  the  majestic  Ben 
Lomond  rising  grandly  against  the  background  of 
the  sky.  At  Killearn  we  found  several  of  our  own 
name.  One  of  whom,  a  lady  of  middle  age,  greeted  me 
cordially  at  first,  as  her  cousin  George  Gilfillan,  be- 
cause, as  she  said,  I  looked  so  much  like  him,  she 
had  mistaken  me  for  him.  Of  course  we  had  to 
"bide  a  wee,"  enjoy  with  them,  their  hospitality  and 
the  ever  present  "Dish  o'  tea."  At  this  house  there 
were  three  or  four  of  our  own  name,  but  in  spite 
of  all  our  inquiries,  we  could  discover  no  connecting 
links,  with  either  the  Gilfillan  or  the  Mclndoe  line. 
After  a  social  half  hour,  the  friends  went  with 
us,  to  the  "aid  Kirk,"  now  in  ruins,  and  to  the  kirk 
yard  adjoining.  Searching  among  the  gravestones 
we  found  some  that  might  or  might  not  be  of  our 
line.  Their  slumber  was  peaceful  near  Endrick 
water.  They  may  have  been  with  us  in  the  spirit, 
because  of  our  kinship,  "I  know  not,  God  knows." 

Toward  evening,  we  drove  back  to  Balfron,  medi- 
tating on  the  events  of  the  day  and  yearning,  more 
than  I  can  tell,  for  "more  light",  on  our  ancestral 
lineage.  '  =  '  ^    •' '         ''V  '  '^'^  • 

The  parish  church  at  Balfron,  after  the  revolu- 
tion of  1688,  was  organized  anew  in  1691.  In  the 
minutes  of  the  Session  we  found  the  name  of  Wil- 
liam Gilfillan,  active  in  the  affairs  of  the  church, 
and  recorded  as  being  present  and  participating  at 
every  meeting  of  the  Session  for  twenty  years,  or 
from  1691  to  1711.     We  could  not  find  the  links 

Page  Twenty -two 


connecting  him  in  kinship  with  our  ancestor 
Thomas,  but  very  probably  they  were  of  the  same 
line. 

All  data  before  the  Protestant  revolution  of  1688 
must  be  sought  in  the  records  of  the  Catholic  church, 
and  these  we  have  not  consulted. 

VI. 

While  in  Scotland,  we  met  not  a  few  of  our  own 
name,  and  others  connected  by  marriage,  but 
whether  of  kin  with  us,  the  evidences  obtainable 
failed  to  establish.  We  spent  several  delightful 
days  at  Comrie,  beautiful  for  situation,  on  the 
fringe  of  the  highlands,  in  a  region  embracing  the 
beauties  of  Glenartney  and  other  scenes  extolled 
in  Scott's  Lady  of  the  Lake.  The  name  Gilfillan  was 
a  household  word  in  Comrie.  Reverend  Samuel  Gil- 
fillan, son  of  a  merchant  of  Bucklivie,  close  by  Bal- 
fron,  was  minister  of  the  parish  church  here  for 
some  thirty-five  years,  until  1826  when  he  died, 
leaving  a  family  of  eleven  children.  Many  of  his 
descendants  still  remain  in  the  community,  several 
of  whom  we  met. 

We  were  shown  an  old  letter  written  by  a  sister 
of  the  Reverend  Samuel,  in  which  the  writer  related 
that  in  her  youth  it  was  a  common  saying  among 
those  of  kin,  that  the  Gilfillans  of  Bucklivie  and 
those  of  Balfron,  all  belonged  to  the  same  family. 
This  seemed  a  magnet  drawing  us  closer  together. 

One  son  of  the  Reverend  Samuel  became  Reverend 
James  Gilfillan,  a  popular  minister  at  Sterling  during 
all  of  his  active  life.  The  youngest  son  was  the 
Reverend  George  Gilfillan  of  Dundee,  noted  preacher, 
literary  critic  and  writer ;  another  son,  William,  was 
largely  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  mercantile 
pursuits.  Two  sons  of  the  latter,  Samuel  and  James, 
we  afterward  met  in  London,  having  received  let- 

Page  Twenty-three 


ters  of  introduction  to  them  while  in  Scotland, 
These  brothers  had  formerly  been  in  the  East  In- 
dia trade,  but  later  became  bankers  in  London  where 
they  have  long  resided.  The  acquaintance  then 
formed  with  them  ripened  into  a  warm  and  lasting 
friendship.  A  hearty  hospitality  has  always  been 
extended  to  us  by  these  friends,  whenever  time  and 
tide  have  brought  us  to  London.  A  valued  corres- 
pondence is  still  kept  up. 

To  the  Gilfillans  of  Scotland  must  be  given  the 
credit  of  at  least  one  poet,  a  writer  of  lyrics.  He 
was  of  the  same  name  as  my  own  father,  Robert 
Gilfillan,  and  born  the  same  year.  He  "slippet  awa'  " 
to  his  final  rest  in  1850.  In  the  preface  to  a  volume 
of  his  writings,  published  the  following  year,  appears 
this  curious  legend :         ^f}       ,  k  ^   ^>f  j 

"The  few  families  of  Gilfillan  in  Scotland  al-  -f  ^^{^ 
"most  all  'count  kin';  the  history  of  the  clan  f  y 
"being  as  follows: — Originally  it  belonged  to  /btt*c/ 
"the  Isle  of  Mull ;  but,  during  the  feudal  wars,  n 
"was  overpowered  by  a  more  powerful  clan,  and  ^X^  ^ 
"completely  extirpated.  Two  of  the  widows,  .''•  ' /^jj^ 
"however,  by  a  coincidence,  bore  twin  sons  each, 
"from  whom  we  have  all  sprung."  /rf^;^^ 

From  his  apt  and  effective  expression  of  feeling 
and  sentiment  Robert  Gilfillan,  in  his  day,  was  best 
known  as  the  poet  of  the  hearth  and  home: 

"We  cannot  live  our  days  again. 

But  we  can  dream  them  o'er; 
Thus  nightly  visions,  free  from  pain, 

Youth's  sunny  hours  restore; 
And,  oh !  who  would  not  prize  the  past. 

To  love — to  memory  dear; 
The  golden  moments  could  not  last, 

But  they  in  dreams  appear." 

The  song  from  which  this  is  quoted  and  "The 
Exiles  Return,"  and  his  poem  "Sabbath  Among  the 

/'a^e  Ticenty-foxir 


Moorlands,^'  are  real  gems  of  tenderness  and  beauty. 
His  "Ode  to  Dunfermline,"  his  native  town, 


•    •    • 


....  wi'  its  woody  braes, 
"And  wee  bums  wimpling  to  the  sea," 

■while  not  so  lofty  or  aspiring  as  Scott's  immortal 
tribute  to  Old  Caledonia,  expresses  as  genuinely  his 
Scottish  love  of  home  and  country.  His  humorous 
characterization  of  "Peter  McCraw,"  the  tax  gath- 
erer, however,  shows  him  quite  as  capable  of  senti- 
ment in  other  lines,  and  a  poet  of  some  diversity  of 
talent. 

But  this  unique  norland,  half  Highlands,  half 
Lowlands,  abounds  not  only  in  picturesque  scenery, 
legend  and  song,  but  also  in  Biblical  lore  and  theol- 
ogy, and  its  folk  are  characterized  by  an  ardent  love 
of  argument.  Indeed  it  might  be  the  better  part  of 
wisdom  while  there  to  avoid  discussions  of  academic 
distinctions,  in  religious  belief,  especially  if  one  is 
well  past  the  meridian  of  life,  for  the  discussion 
might  be  interrupted  by  mortality  before  the  ethics 
of  the  situation  made  any  conclusion  possible. 

The  fame  of  old  Scotia  is  from  many  sources,  and 
has  made  this  little  land  of  the  heather  and  the 
thistle,  known  the  world  over,  but  it  seems  to 
me,  a  profound  belief  in  the  Eternal  God,  and  an  im- 
plicit faith  and  trust  in  the  absolute  verities  of  the 
Holy  Bible,  are  the  crowning  and  abiding  glories  of 
old  Scotland  and  her  people. 


Author's  Note. — These  pages  are  parts  of  sketches  written 
several  years  since,  but  not  printed  until  this  month  of  De- 
cember, nineteen  eighteen.  In  the  meantime  the  good  friends. 
Samuel  Gilflllan  and  his  wife  of  London,  have  both  passed  over 
to  the  other  side. 


Page  Twenty -five 


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